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Paintings such as this one were made to stimulate religious contemplation, a pursuit often accompanied by the recitation of short prayers from memory. In this case, the text of a prayer is actually contained in the image. The open book displayed by the Virgin is faintly inscribed with the familiar Marian prayer, the Ave Maria.
Francia's Madonna directly acknowledges the viewer/worshiper with her gaze and presents her naked Child on a ledge that marks the boundary of a sacred realm.
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